Applied Cybernetics Group
T1684.002 Email Spoofing
coverage gap
- Technique
T1684.002- Tactics
- Defense Evasion
- Research, 90 days
- 1
- KEV CVEs mapped
- 0
- SigmaHQ rules
- 0
- Elastic, Splunk
- 0
- thrunt rules
- 0
- Upstream
- https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/002
MITRE description
Adversaries may fake, or spoof, a sender’s identity by modifying the value of relevant email headers in order to establish contact with victims under false pretenses.(Citation: Proofpoint TA427 April 2024) In addition to actual email content, email headers (such as the FROM header, which contains the email address of the sender) may also be modified. Email clients display these headers when emails appear in a victim's inbox, which may cause modified emails to appear as if they were from the spoofed entity. Enterprise environments can use Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC) as an email authentication protocol that references results of the Sender Policy Framework (SPF) and DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) configurations. SPF and DKIM are configured separately in DNS: SPF verifies that the sending server is authorized for the domain, while DKIM uses a digital signature to verify email integrity and domain authentication. Together, they validate email authenticity and specify how receiving servers should handle authentication failures. Without enforced identity authentication, adversaries may compromise the integrity of an authentication check with altered headers that would not have otherwise passed.(Citation: Cloudflare DMARC, DKIM, and SPF)(Citation: DMARC-overview)(Citation: Proofpoint-DMARC) An example of a weak or absent DMARC policy is `v=DMARC1; p=none; fo=1;`. The `p=none` indicates no action should be taken, and therefore no filtering action will take place, even if an email fails authentication checks (i.e., SPF and/or DKIM fail). When a DMARC policy indicates no action, the email will still be delivered to the victim’s inbox.(Citation: ic3-dprk) Adversaries have abused weak or absent DMARC policies to circumvent authentication checks and conceal social engineering attempts. Adversaries can alter email headers to include legitimate domain names with fake usernames or impersonate legitimate users via [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1684/001) for [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566). Additionally, adversaries may abuse Microsoft 365’s Direct Send functionality to spoof internal users by using internal devices like printers to send emails without authentication.(Citation: Barnea DirectSend)
Research citing this technique
Reports and advisories from the last 90 days that cite this technique.
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2026-09-02Huntress: Inside Knight Office, a New M365 AiTM Phishing Kit
Detection coverage
No rule covers this technique yet. No SigmaHQ, Elastic or Splunk production rule carries its tag, and thrunt hasn't written one. Techniques like this are where the next thrunt rules come from; the gap map has the full list.